Afghanistan: 35.000 Sicherheitskräfte weniger als vor einem Jahr

Neben den fast täglichen Horrormeldungen aus Afghanistan (wie dem Anschlag am gestrigen Montag, der offensichtlich gezielt Journalisten galt), empfiehlt sich auch ein Blick auf die längerfristigen Trends am Hindukusch. Und der sieht gerade beim Thema Sicherheit nicht gut aus: Allein die Gesamtzahl der afghanischen Sicherheitskräfte in Armee, Polizei und anderen Bereichen (Afghan National Defense and Security Forces, ANDSF) hat innerhalb eines Jahres um mehr als 35.000 abgenommen.

Das ist deshalb besonders bedeutsam, weil ja der ständig wiederholte Grund für den anhaltenden Einsatz internationaler Truppen in Afghanistan die Absicht ist, die Afghanen zu befähigen, selbst für ihre Sicherheit zu sorgen. Aber genau das scheint immer weniger zu funktionieren, wie aus dem am (heutigen) Dienstag veröffentlichen Vierteljahresbericht des U.S. Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) hervorgeht. Ein paar Kernaussagen aus dem Bericht:

• U.S. Forces Afghanistan reported that the actual assigned strength of the ANDSF as of January 2018 was 296,409, which includes 165,622 ANA and 130,787 ANP personnel. These figures represent a sharp decline in strength from the same period last year: the ANA saw a 4,818-person decrease, and the ANP a 23,210-person decrease, for a total of 35,999 fewer personnel in January 2018 compared to January 2017.

• As of January 31, 2018, 14.5% of the country’s total districts were under insurgent control or influence—the highest level recorded since SIGAR began receiving district control data—and 56.3% of districts were under Afghan government control or influence.

• Since SIGAR began receiving population-control data in August 2016, Afghan government control has decreased by roughly four percentage points, and the overall trend for the insurgency is rising control over the population (from 9% in August 2016 to 12% in January 2018).

• Despite a 63% increase in Afghan land under opium-poppy cultivation and an 88% increase in raw opium production in 2017, USAID informed SIGAR this quarter that it will not plan, design, or implement any new programs to address opium-poppy cultivation.

• From December 15, 2017, to February 15, 2018, the UN recorded an average of 55.9 security incidents per day—nearly four incidents per day higher than the same period two years ago.

• The total of 1,186 munitions dropped in the first quarter of 2018 is the highest number recorded for this period since reporting began in 2013, and is over two and a half times the amount dropped in the first quarter of 2017.

• UNAMA’s records indicate that air operations in 2017 caused 631 civilian casualties including 295 deaths—the highest number of civilian casualties from air strikes recorded in a single year. In contrast, RS provided a much lower figure for civilian casualties caused by Coalition air strikes, only 51 such casualties in 2017 and 11 between January 1 and March 2, 2018.

• The UN stated that up to 90% of drug production currently falls within Taliban-controlled areas, however, SIGAR analysis found that strictly in terms of poppy cultivation, there are districts under Afghan government control or influence with significant levels of cultivation. In certain provinces, the districts with the largest area of opium-poppy cultivation for 2017 are under government influence or control.

• With one of the highest population growth rates in the world and nearly half of its people under 15 years old, Afghanistan will need to add 400,000 jobs annually just to keep pace with new entrants to its labor market—a situation described by an International Labor Office consultant report as a “socio-economic time bomb.”

Die Gründe für die abnehmende Zahl der einheimischen Sicherheitskräfte sind vielfältig – von Soldaten und Polizisten, die schlicht verschwinden, bis zu einer hohen Zahl von Gefallenen bei Gefechten mit Aufständischen. Gerade die letztere Zahl ist allerdings inzwischen nicht mehr öffentlich: Auf Wunsch der afghanischen Regierung, so beklagt der US-Sonderbeauftragte, halten die US-Streitkräfte diese Information inzwischen geheim.

Den gesamten Bericht zum Herunterladen und Nachlesen gibt es hier.

(Foto: ANA soldiers undergo special-forces training near Kabul on April 10, 2018 – U.S. Army photo by Sergeant 1st Class Felix Figueroa)